Last Updated on March 15, 2024 by Partha Protim Choudhury
The impact of various systemic conditions on periodontal tissues, particularly the gums is well documented. Among the various chronic diseases, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most serious health issues in the majority of developing countries, especially India. Although it generally impacts the lungs, it can affect any part of the body, including the gums in the mouth. This compilation discusses the effects of tuberculosis on the gums, as well as the role of dental treatment in tuberculosis management.
What exactly are gum diseases?
Periodontal diseases, also known as gum diseases, are a type of polymicrobial infection that affects the tissues that support the teeth. Gingival destruction, which is commonly caused by bacteria in plaque buildup, is the first stage of these gum diseases. If this acidic bacterial attack goes unnoticed, it progresses to the tooth-supporting structures known as the periodontium, eventually leading to tooth loss and bone damage.
Is tuberculosis capable of causing gum disease?
Yes. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that damages the lungs, skin, bones, lymph nodes, kidneys, and mouth. According to studies, TB patients have a high prevalence of periodontitis. This is because the oral cavity contains the body’s second largest and most diverse microbial community, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism of tuberculosis found in patients’ plaque and saliva, has the potential to disrupt the natural flora (bacteria and other microorganisms present) of the mouth, eventually contributing to advanced gum tissue destruction. Furthermore, tuberculous lesion treatment typically suppresses the patient’s immune system worsening the periodontal destruction. Therefore, TB is a contributing factor in the development of gum disease.
Can periodontal treatment help with overall tuberculosis management?
Yes, to a certain extent. Gum diseases frequently cause changes to the oral flora (bacteria and other microorganisms present in the mouth). As a result, these could aid in the early detection and treatment of periodontal tubercular lesions. Tuberculous gingival inflammation can be differentiated on the basis of the widespread multiplication in nodular and/or papillary gum tissue. These can either occur without involving the periodontal structures or they can occur simultaneously with marginal periodontitis and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. This results in loose teeth and gingival enlargement. Please keep in mind that these lesions may not respond to the initial standard cleaning therapy. Furthermore, you need a biopsy of the lesion to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Oral care generally improves overall pulmonary treatment.
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