Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Considering that smoking, air pollution, and occupational exposures have all contributed to its rising incidence, Lung Cancer Awareness Month is being commemorated in November.
This awareness campaign seeks to dispel misconceptions about the condition, encourage regular examinations, and support healthy lifestyle choices. During this month, awareness campaigns promote timely medical care and reduce stigma. To provide more clarity on the worldwide challenge we are facing, we have with us renowned medical expert Dr Rajesh Bollam.
Dr Rajesh Bollam is a Senior Medical Oncologist and the Executive Director at Renova Hospitals, Hyderabad. Holding an MBBS degree with a gold medal, along with a DNB in General Medicine, a DM in Medical Oncology, and advanced training through the ECMO Programme, he is recognised for his compassionate patient care and evidence-based approach, blending innovation with empathy. His extensive clinical expertise and unwavering dedication to advancing cancer care reflect his commitment to excellence.
Could you help us understand what lung cancer is and what typically causes it?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Lung cancer begins when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lungs. The biggest risk is tobacco (smoking and second-hand smoke), but air pollution, occupational exposures (asbestos, diesel fumes), prior radiation, and genetic factors also contribute—so even never-smokers can be affected.
How is lung cancer usually diagnosed, and what are the key factors that determine its stage and the type of treatment?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Doctors use imaging (chest X-ray, CT, PET-CT) and confirm the diagnosis with a biopsy. Staging—often with PET-CT and sometimes brain MRI—shows how far the cancer has spread and guides treatment; pathology and molecular tests (EGFR, ALK, etc.) further personalise care.
After diagnosis, what are the main treatment modalities available today, and how do they differ in their approach?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Treatment includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The best plan depends on stage and tumour biology: early disease may be cured with surgery ± chemo/radiation, while advanced disease often benefits from systemic treatments tailored to specific mutations or immune markers.
How does chemotherapy work in managing lung cancer, and when is it considered the most effective treatment option?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cancer cells, shrinking tumours and preventing spread. It is used before or after surgery, alongside radiation in selected cases, and in advanced stages to control disease, relieve symptoms, and extend life—often in combination with newer therapies.
In recent years, how have advancements in chemotherapy improved outcomes and the quality of life for patients with lung cancer?
Modern anti-nausea medicines, growth-factor support, and day-care protocols have made chemotherapy safer and more tolerable. When combined with targeted drugs or immunotherapy in eligible patients, outcomes and quality of life have significantly improved.
How are personalised or combination chemotherapy regimens selected for lung cancer patients?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Choices are based on stage, performance status, organ function, and tumour type (non-small cell vs small cell; squamous vs non-squamous). Platinum-based doublets remain standard for many, while molecular and immune markers decide when to add targeted therapy or immunotherapy.
What are some of the common side effects patients experience during chemotherapy, and how are these managed effectively in clinical practice?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Possible effects include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, low blood counts, mouth sores, and tingling in hands/feet. We minimise risks with preventive medicines, strict infection precautions, dose adjustments when needed, and close monitoring—most side effects are temporary and manageable.
Beyond lung cancer, how has chemotherapy shaped the overall landscape of cancer treatment over the past few decades?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Chemotherapy has cured many cancers (like certain lymphomas, leukemias, and testicular cancer) and improved survival when used after surgery in breast and colon cancers. It remains a cornerstone of cancer care, often enabling organ-preserving approaches.
Are there any common myths or misconceptions surrounding chemotherapy that you would like to address?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: The following myths are associated with the condition:
- Myth: “Chemo is unbearable and always causes severe sickness.”
Reality: modern regimens are tailored and far better tolerated; many patients continue daily activities.
- Myth: “There’s no point in late stages.”
Reality: treatment can still control disease, ease symptoms, and prolong meaningful life.
In your experience, what role do emotional support, counselling, and patient education play during chemotherapy?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Information reduces fear and helps patients spot red-flag symptoms early (e.g., fever). Counselling, caregiver involvement, and support groups improve adherence, resilience, and overall outcomes—healing is medical and emotional.
How crucial is health literacy—understanding one’s condition, treatment plan, and side effects—in improving outcomes for lung cancer patients?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Understanding the diagnosis, treatment schedule, and side effects leads to timely reporting and fewer complications. Using reliable sources and participating in shared decision-making empowers patients and improves both safety and satisfaction.
What message or advice would you like to share with patients currently undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer and with their families who support them through this journey?
Dr Rajesh Bollam: Lung cancer is increasingly treatable—especially when detected early—so don’t delay evaluation of persistent cough, chest pain, or unexplained weight loss. Quit smoking, keep vaccines updated, stay active and nourished, and trust a multidisciplinary team to tailor the best, most compassionate care.
Lung Cancer Awareness Month in 2025 serves as an effective reminder of the importance of prevention, awareness, and early intervention. By understanding the warning signs, causes, and associated risks of the condition, people can take proactive steps to protect their lung health.
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